Soil conservation stores more of the runoff from excess rainfall in the reservoir of the soil for subsequent crop use. Status of nigeria s soil according to agboola 1986, nigerian soils are generally light. The district employs a skilled receptionist or information specialist to assist customers in a timely courteous manner. The book fundamentals of soil science covers the agricultural field of soil science. Review soil conservation, water resources and utilization. Rattan lal associate professor, soil science environment.
Environmental policies and strategies in nigeria oil and gas. Estimating soil productivity loss due to erosion in uruguay in terms of beef and wool production on natural pastures. In addition to improving soil fertility, water harvesting, enhancing the soil water retention capacity and reducing soil erosion are measures that could significantly improve agricultural productivity in rainfed marginal environments. Assessment of past and present initiatives soil degradation is one of the most critical environmental problems in. Tuttle, national landscape architect for the usda, natural resources conservation service nrcs, and gene highfill, national agricultural engineer retired, nrcs, washington, dc. Soil and water conservation engineering asep sapei edisi 2006 i kata pengantar buku ini merupakan kumpulan dari bahan transparansi kuliah soil and. It provides the taxonomic keys necessary for the classification of soils in a form that can be used easily in the field.
Effect of tillage operations on soil moisture contents in the. The poverty is caused partly by inadequate water availability and deteriorating soil conditions. World congress of soil science, to be held on jeju island, korea in june 2014. It encompasses physical soil erosion, chemical salinity and alkalinity, pollution and biological. This paper deals with the present statusstate of nigeria s soil and the challenges of soil management in the country. Soil deterioration reduce soil fertility the loss of soil topsoil. Like a biography, each profile tells a story about the life of a soil. Land degradation soil degradation is the decline in soil quality caused by its improper use, usually for agricultural, pastoral, industrial or urban purposes. Project topics and materials pdf free download 2020. Private trusts and non profit organizations play an important role in land conservation. Today these techniques of soil and water conservation are being prac ticed in many countries with much benefit to great numbers of people.
Manual on integrated soil management and conservation practices ix page 19. It is a complex mixture of i mineral particles formed from rocks, ii. The three principles of conservation agriculture disturb the soil as little as possible. The need to conserve representative samples of natural vegetation was recognized in nigeria over thirty years ago. Pdf farmers preference for soil and water conservation. Bn 2546302 with over 15,000 plus of research topics and materials sorted by departments. Nature provided people with resources to build homes and clothe and feed themselves. Environmental pollution, types, causes, impact and management. The soil conservation technical handbookis a comprehensive collection of know how about soil conservation in new zealand. The contribution of soil and water conservation to sustainable livelihoods in semiarid areas of subsaharan africa edited by charlotte boyd and cathryn turton with n.
Soil degradation is a serious global environmental problem and may be exacerbated by climate change. Smallscale surface mining could transform nigeria s landscape into a network of active and abandoned mining pits. Federal environmental protection agency act chapter 1, laws of the federation. Conservation is the planning and management of natural resources in order to secure their wise use and continuity of supply while maintaining and enhancing their quality, value and diversity. In 1975, the soil conservation service, usda, in massachusetts published the first edition of the guidelines for soil and water conservation in urbanizing areas of massachusetts. The world requirement of food is fulfilled by agriculture. Evaluation of the effect of increasing the quantity of maize residues in the soil cover on the runoff flow, the runoff velocity and the total soil losses 88 20. The change in title of the book is for greater clarity among its target audience as to its content. Technical service teams serving your local community as.
Guidelines for development agents on soil and water conservation in ethiopia this introductory chapter describes the aim of this book and how it can be used in the field when you carry out soil and water conservation. Conservation council, which is empowered to address soil, water, forestry, fisheries and wildlife conservation by formulating and implementing policies, programmes and projects on conservation of the countrys natural resources. Soil erosion is the most dangerous ecological process observed in ethiopia, degrading. Soil erosion, small holder farmers, gusau area, soil properties. Conservation and use of natural resources biology 189 notes module 4 environment and 26. This chapter may be known and cited as the soil conservation. Thus, soil and water conservation practices are becoming increasingly important in the arid and semiarid. Estimating soil productivity loss due to erosion in uruguay. Agriculture at the national open university of nigeria noun by using an approach that treats soil erosion and conservation. Introduction the loss of soil from land surfaces by erosion is widespread globally and. Adopted engineering and agronomic conservation measures. The use of vetiver grass vetiveria zizanioides has offered such prospects in a wide range of climatic environments. Problems of wild fauna conservation in nigeria the national parks in nigeria are among the f ew remaining place s in the country where natural ecos ystems for.
Introduction it is very important to note that each time environmental issues are mentioned in nigeria, the oil and gas industry readily comes to mind. Soil resources degradation and conservation techniques adopted. Some of this material is derived from internal regional council manuals and. In nigeria, west africa, humaninduced soil degradation is. The concepts of conservation and preservation of natural resources are relatively new. The purpose of this soils bulletin is to summarize the soil erosion problem and to focus attention on remedial. Undertake a baseline study to determine the behaviours and attitudes of the population both the local and the displaced communities with regard to the environment and the use of natural resources. In the first three communities farmers did receive training on soil conservation. It is precisely in this connection that the report soil conservation in nigeria. Environmental policies and strategies in nigeria oil and.
For africa, agriculture contributes significantly to the formal economy and employment that is about 70 %. Soil characterization, classification and survey is a revised version of fundamentals of pedology which was published by stirlinghorden publishers nig ltd, ibadan in 1999. The permitting process for erosion control in delta county is done by the delta conservation district, 6822 us highway 2 41 m35, gladstone, mi, 48937. Fundamental concepts scoop on soil educational cd may 2006 nrcs helping people help the land figure 1. The journal of agricultural education and extension. Farmers preference for soil and water conservation practices in nigeria.
International institute of tropical agriculture, ibadan, nigeria. Variation in soil moisture at 0 15 cm soil depth interval among tillage syst ems variation in soil moisture within the soil depth interval of 0 15 cm among the three tillage system is reflected in figure 5 see also table a1. Soil degradation is a narrower term, and one form of land degradation, for declining soil quality, encompassing the deterioration in physical, chemical and biological attributes of the soil 11. Put the horizons together, and they form a soil profile. Manual on integrated soil management and conservation. Nigerian journal of basic and applied science june, 2012, 202. Soil physical conditions in nigerian savannas and biomass production 365 the savannas of nigeria and agricultural production nigeria is located in the tropical zone between latitude 4o and 14on, and longitude 2oe, with a vast area having savanna vegetation figure 1. Effect of hedgerow species in alley cropping systems on. Fundamental concepts scoop on soil educational cd may 2006 nrcs helping people help the land it is the interaction of these soil forming factors in various combinations that gives us the great variety of soils we see today. Soil conservation, therefore, includes the reclamation of mined land and quarry sites. Political of soil erosion and degradation, and identifies those soils stability and peace are threatened in ssa and nigeria and crop management options that. Igwe ca 1998 land use and soil conservation strategies for potentially high erodible soils of centraleastern nigeria. It also acquaints users of soil taxonomy with recent changes in the classification system.
At this soil interval, ridge tillage system recorded the highest soil moisture from january through december. The contribution of soil and water conservation to. Effect of the annual crop type on soil losses by erosion. Soil conservation in nigeria soil and water conservation. Conservation of natural vegetation in nigeria environmental. Climate and the need to retain or discharge the runoff. Bestbet options on soil and water conservation p pathak 1, pk mishra 2, kv rao 3, suhas p wani1 and r sudi1 1international crops research institute for the semi arid tropics icrisat patancheru 502 324, andhra pradesh, india 2central soil and water conservation research and training institute cswcrit research center, bellary, karnataka, india. Soil physical conditions in nigerian savannas and biomass. Overall soil is being lost from land areas 10 to 40 times faster than the rate of soil renewal imperiling future human food security and environmental quality. A soil is a threedimensional natural body in the same sense that a hill, valley, or mountain has three dimensions. The information contained in this case study is to be used only as a case study example for teaching purposes. The major problems include habitat degradation through uncontrolled logging, agricultural projects, industrial plantations, highway and urban development, and exploitation for fuelwood, over. Soil is the uppermost layer of earths crust, which supports growth of plants.
Effect of hedgerow species in alley cropping systems on surface soil physical properties of an oxic paleustalf in southwestern nigeria volume 114 issue 3 n. Soil conservation, water resources and utilization for sustainable agricultural development in nigeria iheanocho clark junior national centre for agricultural mechanization, p. Nigeria final report of the land degradation neutrality. Abstract the main objective of this study was to determine the attitude of farmers towards erosion and the adoption of appropriate soil conservation technologies scts. Overburden overburden, or the vegetation and soil that are removed to access bitumen below the surface, must be removed and stored properly. Soil science is a science that deals with the manipulation and betterment of soil conditions for the growth of plants. Soil organic matter som fractions for 186 lucas 2009 soil samples grassland, forest. As a result, various organizations promote the use of soil and water conservation practices in the area, but the link between the use of the practices and farmer multiactivity technical efficiency is yet to be shown empirically. This is literally a major defense for mud, since it is the anaerobic and chemically reducing conditions in the substrate, in conjunction with various microbes, that ensure the gaseous release of the nitrogen and sulfur.
This paper deals with the present statusstate of nigerias soil and the challenges of soil. The impact of indigenous soil and water conservation practices on soil productivity. Although the grass grows in nigeria, its potential for soil and water conservation and improved crop yield has not been realized, let alone quantified. Coastal environmental protection is also a vital subset of land resources management, because nigeria occupies 800 km of the equatorial atlantic seaboard. Nigeria, with a population of about 150 million, is the most populous country in ssa. Makumbib a contributing authors for tanzania case study.
Assess environmental education needs, and develop skillsbased environmental education curriculaprogrammes based on the assessment. Information has been gathered from individual knowledge and personal notes along with past often unpublished, or scarce copies of, printed material. State soil conservation board the state soil conservation board was established by ic 1432 and sets policy governing the activities of districts and the division of soil conservation. Soil and water conservation 265 life on this planet, as the so il is an essential resource to suppor t plants for producing food, and to provide shelter to insects and animals. The country has a total land area of 923,786 km2 with a population of about 180 million people, currently less than 10% of the total land area is classified as forest. Opinions formulated by the author are intended for educational purposes.
Meanwhile, soil erosion was becoming recognized as a serious problem in many countries. The district administers a website and an electronic directory of natural resource professionals and resource materials. There are a few types of earth change activities that do not require permits. Nigeria in 1973 and the results are published in shifting cultivation and soil conservation in africa soils bulletin no. The book covers required lecture notes in courses such as principles. The reason for this is that the oil and gas industry in nigeria accounts for about 90%. Environment, policies, strategies, nigeria, oil and gas industry 1. Impacts on human health over 200 years of industrialisation have caused soil contamination to be a widespread problem in europe. Status and challenges of soil management in nigeria. Africa nigeria the world factbook central intelligence. Status of nigerias soil according to agboola 1986, nigerian soils are generally light. The world factbook countrylocation locator map modal. Historic events when the europeans settled in north america in the 1600s, natural resources were plentiful. Earth s body of soil, called the pedosphere, has four important functions.
Dig down deep into any soil, and youll see that it is made of layers, or horizons o, a, e, b, c, r. Soil and water conservation society 945 sw ankeny road ankeny, ia 50023 usa 800the soil 8008437645. Soil erosion is a major problem affecting some states in nigeria. To name a few, anambra, imo, akwa ibom and others in southern side are badly affected leading to gully erosion and loss of land area there is need for the government to address this through organized tree planting and controlling erosion through sound engineering. It consists of nine members six of whom are freeholders appointed by the governor four with agricultural interests and two with nonagricultural interests. Use of vetiver grass for soil and water conservation in. For better and proper crop yield, good soil conditions are necessary. Helping north coast landholders reduce soil erosion. Soil organic carbon changes after seven years of conservation agriculture in a ricewheat system of the eastern indo. Glossary of soil and water conservation terms pdf golf course. Soil profile there are different types of soil, each with its own set of characteristics. For example, the american farmland trust claims that it has helped to protect more than one million acres of americas best farm and ranch land. Failure to do so means the soil may lose productivity.
The principles of conservation agriculture conservation agriculture takes advantage of natural ecological processes to conserve moisture, enhance soil fertility, and improve soil structure, and to reduce soil erosion and the presence of diseases and pests. This paper deals with the present statusstate of nigerias soil and the challenges of soil management in the country. Soil is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life. Land degradation, soil erosion and soil conservation pmf ias. Status and challenges of soil management in nigeria provision of. Were the worlds breadbasket, said rattan lal, a soil science professor at ohio state university and the incoming president of the international union of soil sciences. For the survey, farmers were selected from the communities esa oke, elwure and owodeede and akoda in osun state in nigeria. Opencast tin mining on the jos plateau has produced pits and mine tailings which despoil the land scape. Past and present onstation and onfarm initiatives by junge et al. Nigeria erosion and watershed management project newmap is a world bank assisted project aimed at addressing the nigerian gully erosion crisis in southeastern nigeria and land degradation in northern nigeria on a multidimensional scale. It is a complex mixture of i mineral particles formed from rocks, ii humus or ganic material formed from decaying plant remains, iii mineral salts, iv water, v. Based on recent consideration of environmental and soil quality, soil conservation indicates environmental issues such as mitigation of gas emission from the soil under forest or agricultural practices into. Slm 306 soil erosion and conservation 68 assignment file there are many assignments in this course and you are expected to do all of them. The soil and water conservation society swcs is a nonprofit scientific and educational organization that serves as an advocate for natural resource professionals and for sciencebased conservation policy.
Soil conservation technique is the application of processes to the solution of soil management problems. Before 1950 only two conservation areas had been laid down but at present there are seven in operation. Analytic hierarchic process approach article pdf available september 2018 with 77 reads how we measure reads. Soil erosion has been recognized for a long time as a serious problem in nigeria stamp 1938 which has several environmental and economic impacts. Physical soil conservation measures physical soil conservation structures are permanent features made of earth, stones or masonry, designed to protect the soil from uncontrolled runoff and erosion and retain water where needed. Ainslie 1935 reported an account of erosion in nigeria. The conservation of soil implies utilisation without waste so as to make possible a continuous high level of crop production while improving environmental quality. Soil and water conservation practices and smallholder farmer. Ogunkunle2 1 department of agronomy, university of ilorin, ilorin, nigeria 2 department of agronomy, university of ibadan, ibadan, nigeria corresponding author, email.
In conservation agriculture, this is minimized by planting the right mix of crops in the same field, and rotating crops from season to season. The information in the case study is both factual and fictional. Conservation and use of natural resources biology notes 25. The reason for this is that the oil and gas industry in nigeria. Soil conservation on agricultural lands guarantees sustainable productivity of the soil badajo and togun,2001. Decision makers, scientists, businesses and individual citizens generally accept and understand that air and water pollution can. Nigeria erosion and watershed management project wikipedia.
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